ED probe into Anil Ambani linked companies: What turns bad loan into fraud

As the Enforcement Directorate acts on a ₹3,000 crore loan case linked to Anil Ambani's group, here's how Indian law defines loan fraud and when defaults turn into criminal cases

On Saturday, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) arrested a company director in a ₹3,000 crore loan 'fraud' case allegedly linked to entities associated with Anil Ambani’s Reliance ADAG group. The arrest, under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), is the first in the case.

 

While the probe continues, it brings to light a key regulatory distinction: when does a loan stop being a business risk and start being a criminal fraud?

 

Default, wilful default, fraud: What RBI says

 

India’s financial system sees loan issues on a scale: default, wilful default, and fraud.

 

According to the Reserve Bank of India's (RBIs) Master Circular on Wilful Defaulters:

 

 

Default: Failure to repay as per the loan agreement; may or may not be intentional.

 

Wilful default: When repayment capacity exists but is intentionally withheld. It includes:

 

• Diversion of funds from sanctioned purpose
• Siphoning of funds, making them unavailable for repayment
• Sale or misuse of secured assets without lender’s consent

 

Fraud: According to RBI's Master Directions on Frauds Classification and Reporting by Commercial Banks and Select FIs, a fraud involves deliberate deception using false documents, shell firms, and accounting manipulation. Classification as fraud follows a forensic audit and internal bank committee approval.

 

When does PMLA come in?

 

Fraud under PMLA is triggered when the activity generates 'proceeds of crime'. The sequence is:

 

• A default occurs
• The bank detects anomalies and initiates a forensic audit
• The audit confirms diversion or misreporting
• The bank files an FIR and classifies the loan as fraud
• ED or CBI steps in if criminality is apparent

 

According to Section 3 of the PMLA, anyone knowingly involved in activities connected to proceeds of crime is guilty of money laundering.

 

Where the Anil Ambani-linked case fits in

 

The ED is investigating loans worth ₹3,000 crore taken by entities allegedly tied to the Reliance ADAG group. The funds were reportedly routed through shell companies to avoid repayment, triggering PMLA charges.

 

The arrested individual, a director of a Mumbai firm, allegedly played a key role in the laundering process. While Anil Ambani has not been named in the arrest note, the ED has reportedly issued a lookout notice against him. He has also been summoned for questioning by the agency on Tuesday, August 5.

 

Loan fraud vs bad loan: What's the difference?

 

In India, many large defaults stem from business failure, not fraud. Some of the common causes include:

 

• Market downturns
• Failed business models
• External shocks (like Covid-19 or raw material inflation)

 

In such cases, the resolution is civil and typically handled under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC). Fraud, however, requires evidence of intent—such as fake documentation or shell entities—and often results in criminal proceedings.

 

What past loan frauds reveal

 

Several high-profile frauds have followed similar playbooks:

 

• DHFL–Wadhawan (₹34,000 crore): Fake housing loans and fund diversion to shell entities
• ABG Shipyard (₹22,842 crore): Inflated assets and overseas fund routing
• Rotomac Pens (₹3,695 crore): Misuse of export credits for unrelated firms
• IL&FS: Inter-company lending inflated asset books and masked real exposure

 

What happens after a fraud label?

 

Once a loan is declared fraudulent:

 

• Borrowers are barred from bank finance for five years
• Lenders can initiate asset recovery via SARFAESI or IBC
• ED/CBI may seize assets and press charges
• Criminal convictions can lead to jail terms and financial penalties
• Borrowers often contest the fraud tag in courts, delaying outcomes

 

Both civil and criminal paths proceed in parallel, making resolution complex and time-consuming.